Development of Muslim Theology: Appendix III: Chronological Table

APPENDIX III

For typographical reasons the smooth guttural Ha, the palatals Sad, Dad, Ta, Za, and the long vowels are indicated by italic. The same system is followed in the index.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

A.H.
11	M.d.; Abu Bakr Kh.
13	‘Umar Kh.
14	Battle of al-Qadisiya; fall of Jerusalem; al-Basra founded; fall of Damascus.
17	Al-Kufa founded; Syria and Mesopotamia conquered.
20	Conquest of Egypt.
21	Battle of Nahawand; Persia conquered.
23	‘Uthman Kh.
30	Final redaction of the Qur’an.
35	‘Ali Kh.
36	Battle of Carmel.
40	‘Ali d.
41	Mu'awiya I. Kh.; Herat.
49	‘Al-Hasan d.
56	Samarqand.
60	Schism of Ibadites from Kharijites.
61	Karbala & d. of al-Husayn.
73	Storm of Mecca & d. of ‘Abd Allah b. Az-Zubayr.
74	Carthage.
80	Ma‘bad executed.
81	M. b. al-Hanafiya d.
93	Toledo.
99-101	‘Umar II. Kh.
110	Hasan al-Basri d.
114	Charles the Hammer at Tours (A. D. 732).
121	Zayd b. Zayn al-‘Abidin d.
124	Az-Zuhri d.
127-132	Marwan II. Kh.
130	Jahm b. Safwan killed?
131	Wasil b. ‘Ata d.
132	Fall of Umayyads; as-Saffah first ‘Abbasid Kh.
134	First Ibadite Imam.
135	Rabi‘a d.
136-158	Al-Mansur Kh.
138-422	Umayyads of Cordova.
140	Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ killed.
143	Halley's comet.
144	‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd d.?
145	Baghdad founded; ‘A’isha d. of Ja‘far as-Sadiq d.
147	Homage to al-Mahdi as successor in Kh.
148	Ja‘far as-Sadiq d.
150	Abu Hanifa d.; trace of Sufi monastery in Damascus.
157	Al-Awza‘i d.
158-169	Al-Mahdi Kh.; John of Damascus d.?
161	Sufyan ath-Thawri d.; Ibrahim b. Adham d.
165	Da’ud b. Nusayr d.
167	Bashshar b. Burd killed.
170-193	Harun ar-Rashid Kh.
172-375	Idrisids.
179	Malik b. Anas d. 68
	p. 369
A.H.
182	The Qadi Abu Yusuf d.
187	Fall of Barmecides; al-Fudayl b. ‘Iyad d.
189	M. b. al-Hasan d.
198-218	Al-Ma’mun Kh.
200	Ma‘ruf of al-Karkh d.; trace of Sufi monastery in Khurasan.
204	Ash-Shafi‘i d.
208	Abu ‘Ubayda d.; the Lady Nafisa d.
211	Theodorus Abucara d.
212	Decree that the Qur’an is created.
213	Thumama b. Ashras d.
215	Abu Sulayman of Damascus d.; 2nd decree.
218-234	The Mihna; Al-Mu‘tasim Kh.
220	Ma‘mar b. ‘Abbad.
223	Fatima of Naysabur d.
226	Abu Hudhayl M. al-‘Allaf d.
227	Bishr al-Hafi d.; al-Wathiq Kh.
231	An-Nazzam d.
232	Al-Mutawakkil Kh.
234	Decree that Qur‘an is uncreated; Scotus Erigena transl. pseudo-Dionysius, A. D. 850.
240	Ibn Abi Duwad d.
241	Ahmad b. Hanbal d.
243	Al-Harith al-Muhasibi d.
245	Dhu-n-Nun d.; al-Karabisi d.
250-316	‘Alids of Zaydite branch in north Persia.
255	Al-Jahiz d.
256	Ibn Karram d.
257	Al-Bukhari d.; Sari as-Saqati d.
260	Al-Kindi d.? M. b. al-Hasan al-Mutazar vanished.
261	Muslim d.; Abu Yazid al-Bistami d.
270	Da’ud az-Zahiri d.
273	Ibn Maja d.
275	Abu Da’ud as-Sijistani d.
277	Qarmatians hold fortress in Arab ‘Iraq.
279	At-Tirmidhi d.
280	Zaydite Imams at as-Sa‘da and San‘a.
289	‘Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi in North Africa.
295-320	Al-Muqtadir ‘Abbasid Kh.
297	First Fatimid Kh.; al-Junayd d.
300	Return of al-Ash‘ari.
303	An-Nasa’i d.; Al-Jubba‘i d.
309	Al-Hallaj executed.
317	Umayyads of Cordova take title of Commander of the Faithful; Qarmatians in Mecca.
320-447	Buwayhids; al-Ash‘ari d.?
322	Ibn ash-Shalmaghani.
331	At-Tahawi d.
332	Al-Mataridi d.
333-356	Sayf ad-Dawla.
334	Buwayhids in Baghdad; ash-Shibli d.
339	Return of Black Stone by Qarmatians; al-Farabi d.
356	Fatimids conquer Egypt; Cairo founded.
360	Ikhwan as-Safa fl.
362	Ibn Hani d.
381-422	Al-Qadir Kh.
386	Abu Talib al-Makki d.
388-421	Mahmud of Ghazna.
403	Al-Baqilani d.
408	Persecution of Mu‘tazilites under al-Qadir.
	p. 370
A.H.
411	Al-Hakim Fatimid Kh. vanished; Firdawsi d.
428	Ibn Sina d.
434	Abu Dharr d.
440	Al-Beruni d.
447	Tughril Beg, the Saljuq, in Baghdad.
449	Abu-l-‘Ala al-Ma'arri d.
450	Persecution of Ash‘arites.
455	Alp-Arslan; Nizam al-Mulk Wazir; end of persecution of Ash‘arites.
456	Ibn Hazm az-Zahiri d.
465	Al-Qushayri d.
478	Imam al-Haramayn d.
481	Nasir b. Khusraw d.
483	Hasan b. as-Sabbah seizes Alamut.
485	Nizam al-Mulk assass.
488	Al-Ghazzali leaves Baghdad.
505	Al-Ghazzali d.
515	‘Umar al-Khayyam d.
516	Al-Baghawi d.
524	Ibn Tumart al-Mahdi d.
524-558	‘Abd al-Mu'min.
524-667	The Muwahhids.
533	Abu Bakr b. Bajja d.
537	Abu Hafs an-Nassfi d.
538	Az-Zamakhshari d.
540	Yehuda Halevi d. = A.D. 1145.
546	Abu Bakr b. al-‘Arabi d.
548	Ash-Shahrastani d.
558	‘Abd al-Mu'min the Muwahhid d.
558	‘Adi al-Hakkari d.
558-580	Abu Ya‘qub the Muwahhid.
561	‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, founder of order of darwishes, d.
567	Conquest of Egypt by Saladin and end of Fatimids.
576	Order of Rifa‘ites founded.
580	Abu Ya‘qub d.
580-596	Abu Yusuf al-Mansur.
581	Ibn Tufayl d.
587	As-Suhrawardi executed.
589	Saladin d.
590	Abu Shuja‘ d.?
595	Ibn Rushd d.; Abu Yusuf al-Mansur the Muwahhid d.
601	Maimonides d. = A.D. 1204.
606	Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi d.
620	Abu-l-Hajjaj b. Tumlus d.; Fakhr ad-Din b. ‘Asakir d.; St. Francis of Assisi d. = A. D. 1226.
625-941	Hafsids at Tunis.
630-640	Ar-Rashid the Muwahhid.
632	‘Umar b. al-Farid.
638	Ibn ‘Arabi d.
648	Frederick II. d. = A.D. 1250.
654	End of Assassins by Mongols; Ash-Shadhili, founder of order of darwishes, d.
667	Ibn Sab‘in d.; end of Muwahhids.
672	Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi d.
675	Ahmad al-Badawi, founder of order of darwishes, d.
681	Ibn Khallikan d.
685	Al-Baydawi d.
693, 698-708, 709-741	Muhammad An-Nasir, Mamluk Sultan, reg.
719	An-Nasr al-Manbiji d.?
724	Ibn Rushd is still studied at Almeria.
728	Ibn Taymiya d.; Meister Eckhart d. = A.D. 1328.
730	'Abd ar-Razzaq d.
756	Al-‘Iji d; Heinrich Suso d.
791	At-Taftazani d.; an-Naqshbandi, founder of order of darwishes, d.
	p. 371
A.H.
808	Ibn Khaldun d.
857	Capture of Constantinople by Ottomans and office of Shaykh al-Islam created = A.D. 1453. Thomas á Kempis d. = A. D. 1471.
895	M. b. Yusuf as-Sanusi d.
907	Accession of Safawids.
922	Conquest of Egypt by Ottoman Turks.
945	Death of al-Mutawakkil, last ‘Abbasid.
951	Beginning of Sharifs of Morocco.
973	Ash-Sha‘rani d.
1201	‘Abd al-Wahhab d. = A. D. 1787.
1205	Sayyid Murtada d.; al-Fudali fl. circ. 1220.
1252	Foundation of Brotherhood of as-Sanusi = A.D, 1837.
1260	Ibrahim al-Bajuri d.; Decree of Porte that apostate Muslims should not be put to death.
1275	Death of founder of Brotherhood of as-Sanusi = A.D. 1859.

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